第十八章  直接引语和间接引语

Chapter 18  Direct and Indirect Speech

 | 18.1 | 18.2 | 18.3 | 18.4 |

      直接引语和间接引语都是复合句中的宾语从句。一字不差地引述别人的原话称为直接引语；用自己的话转述别人的话称为间接引语。直接引语一般不用关联词来引导，直接放在主句的谓语动词之后，用引号隔开。引语中的第一个字母要大写。对话引导语可以放在所引内容的前面、中间或最后，而其主语（如果不是代词）可以放在说话动词的后面。例如：

    
       --The director announced, “ The class will go to the museum next Thursday if it doesn’t rain.” 
       --“The only thing we have to fear,” Mr. Roosevelt said, “ is fear itself.” 
       --“The class will go to the museum next Thursday if it doesn’t rain,” the director announced.
       间接引语后面不加引号，用宾语从句来表达，而且要用关联词来引导。由直接引语变间接引语时，

       需要变动直接引语中的人称、时间副词等，而且要根据时态呼应的规律改变引语中的动词时态的形

       态。例如：
       --David said to me after the meeting, “In my opinion, the arguments in favor of radical changes in 

         the curriculum are not convincing.” (直接引语)
       --David said to me after the meeting that in his opinion the arguments in favor of radical changes 

         in the curriculum were not convincing. (间接引语) 
       --He said, “ I need more money.” 
       --He said that he needed more money.
       在间接引语中，如果说话动词是say，连接词that可以省略，此时句子含义仍然清楚。例如：
       --I said that he could come. Or I said he could come. 
 
18.1 陈述句中的间接宾语（Statement in indirect speech）                 | 18.2 | 18.3 | 18.4 | top |
 

       引用的原话如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时通常在引语前加连接词，还要根据意思适当改变人称、

       时态，并将时间状语，地点状语，以及指示代词作必要的变动。
 

18.1.1 人称（人称代词，物主代词）的变化。
 

       --He said, “We love our country.”
       --He said they love their country.
       --She said (to me), “Your pronunciation is better than mine.”
       --She said that my pronunciation was better than hers.
       --Robert told Jim that he had lost his watch. (谁丢了表？不清楚)，应改为：
         --Robert told Jim that the former had lost the latter’s watch.

 
18.1.2 时态的变化：如果直接引语所在句，即主句中的谓语动词是过去时态，直接引语变为间接引语

          时，从句中的谓语动词的时态须有下面的变化：
 

    a. 一般现在时要变为一般过去时，例如：
       --“I am here to help you,” he said.
       --He said he was there to help them.
       --“This isn’t mine,” he said.
       --He said that wasn’t his. 
       注意：有时尽管引述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中动词时、体形式却不必改变。符合这一点的有

       以下几种情况：
       1）间接引语如果是客观事实或真理或是说话人所相信的事实，例如：
       --Columbus proved that the earth is round.
       --The physician said smoking is harmful to my health.
       --I heard that your children like music. 
       2）动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续，例如：
       --He said he is forty. 
       3）现在指示功能：即隐含说话人认为引述内容仍然有效。例如：
       --He said he will visit us when the weather is fine. 表示说话者相信天气会晴，但在这一用法中，表

         示“知道“，“认为”意思的动词除外，例如：
       --I thought you didn’t like it. 
    b. 现在进行时变为过去进行时：
       --“I’m waiting for Ann,” he said
       --He said he was waiting for Ann. 
       注意：如果欲表示现在指示功能，即隐含说话人认为引述内容仍然有效，则保持现在进行时不变。

       例如：
       --John said he’s coming. (表示说话人John会来)
       如果动词所表示的动作在引述时仍然在进行中，保持现在进行时不变，例如：
       --He said he is trying to get a taxi. 
    c. 现在完成时变为过去完成时：
       --“I have found a flat,” he said.
       --He said he had found a flat.
       --He said, “I have already seen him.”
       --He said he’d already seen him.
       但如说话时引述内容仍在继续。亦可用现在完成时，例如：
       --He said he hasn’t finished his homework yet.
    d. 过去时变为过去完成时：
       --“I took it home with me,” he said.
       --He said he had taken it home with him.
       注意：在下面两种情况中，仍然保持过去时不变。
       1）时间状语从句中的过去时，例如：
       --He said, “When we lived in Paris...”
       --He said that when they lived in Paris...
       2）当引述的内容仍然在继续，或存在时，例如：
       --She said, “I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road.”
       --She said that she had decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road.
       试比较以下两句：
       --He said he saw her the other day.
       --He said he had seen her the other day. 
       这两个例句中的过去时与过去完成时的区别是：过去完成时表示谓语表达的意思是从“引用者” 的角

       度出发的，而过去时(即与直接引语同样的时态)是从原来说话者的立场出发。即过去完成时表示说

       话者在复述这个人的话，至于是否属实，概不负责，仅仅反映这个人所说发生了哪些情况，而说话

       人叙述事实时所用的时态(即过去时)表示事情确实如此，他相信这些都是真话。
    e. 一般将来时变成过去将来时。例如：
       --He said, “Ann will be in Paris on Monday.”
       --He said that Ann would be in Paris on Monday. 

 
18.1.3 指示代词、时间状语和地点状语的变化，例如：

 
       --He said, “I will do this here and now.”
       --He said (that) he would do that there and then.
       --He said, “I saw him yesterday.”
       --He said he had seen him the day before (also the previous day).
       --He said, “I’ll come next week.”
       --He said he would come the week after (or the next / following week). 
       现在将直接引语中的一些指示代词，时间和地点状语的变化列表如下：

18.1.4 情态动词的变化。

      含有情态动词的句子从直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句中的动词是过去式，有以下几种情况：
    a. 一般来说，情态动词从现在时推移为过去时，即使此时在直接引语中不表示过去时，例如：
      --“You may be able to answer this question,” he told me.
      --He told her that she might be able to answer that question. 
      --“I won’t pay another penny,” I said.
      --I said that I wouldn’t pay another penny. 
      --The clerk said, “The doctor can see you at 3:15.”
      --The clerk said that the doctor could see Miss Liu at 3:15.
   b. 如果情态动词在直接引语中已经是过去时，那么变成间接引语时保持不变，例如：
      --“We could be wrong,” I told them.
      --I told them that we could be wrong.
      --“I could speak Spanish when I was young,” I said.
      --I said that I could speak Spanish when was young.
      --“When I was in college I would study till two or three in the morning,” she recalled.
      --She recalled that when she had been in college she would study till two or three in the morning.
      注意：此句直接引语变成间接引语时，时间从句中的过去时“was”，也可以用过去完成时“had 

      been”。因为直接引语中的情态助动词would表示过去时含义。
    c. 情态动词如must, ought to, should 和had better 一般不变。例如：
      --“You shouldn’t smoke in the bedroom,” he told them.
      --He told them that they shouldn’t smoke in the bedroom.
      --“You had better not say anything about this,” he warned me.
      --He warned me that I had better not say anything about that.
      --“You ought to read the book, ”said Ann, “It’s much better than the film.”
      --Ann said that we ought to read the book, it was much better than the film.
      --He said, “I must be pretty late. I really must go.”
      --He said it must be pretty late, and he really must go.
      --He said, “You mustn’t smoke in the room.”
      --He said I mustn’t smoke in the room. 
      但是must 表示”必须”时，在转述时可变为 had to或would have to。例如：
      --“I must go again next week,” he said.
      --He said he would have to go again the next week.
      一般来说，间接引语中所转述的内容在说话时仍有效，时间推移可做可不做，例如:
      --“Persistence(毅力)can overcome all obstacles,” she said.
      --She said that persistence could overcome all obstacles.

 
18.1.5 条件句中的间接引语

        在含有条件句从句的直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句中的动词是过去式，有以下几种情况：
    a. 时态保持不变。例如：
      --He said, “If I had a permit， I could get a job.” 
      --He said that if he had a permit he could get a job.
      --“If my children were older，I would emigrate,” said Andrew.
      --Andrew said that if his children were older he would emigrate.
      1）表示请求的完整条件句，时态也保持不变，或者用引述动词ask引述。例如：
      --He said, “I’d be very grateful if you’d let me know as soon as possible.”
      --He said he’d be very grateful if I’d let him know as soon as possible.
      或 He asked me to let him know as soon as possible.
      如果单独用if you would ＋不定式表示请求时，最好用ask引述，例如：
      --He said, “If you’d pay the cashier (出纳员).”
      --He asked me to pay the cashier.
      --"if I were you I’d" 结构最好用advise引述，例如：
      --He said, “If I were you I’d go to bed.”
      --He advised me to go to bed.
      2）在非真实条件句中，时态保持不变。例如：
      --He said, “If I’d heard the whole story I would have acted differently.”
      --He said that if he had heard the whole story he would have acted differently.
   b. 条件句中的时态按一般规则变化（详见18.1.2）。例如：
      --He said, “If I get a seat on the plane I’ll be home in five hours”
      --He said that if he got a seat on the plane he ‘d be home in five hours. (Thomson and Martinet)
      在“if从句＋请求、命令、劝告或问句”这类的句子中，可用tell/ask/advice＋宾语＋不定式引述或者

      用say＋主语＋should/be＋不定式形式，例如：
      --He said, “If you have time, clean the windows /could you clean the windows?”
      --He told /asked me to clean the windows if I had time.
      --He said that if I had time I was to clean the windows. 
      注意以下几点：
      1）在转述时，“tell/ask/advice＋宾语＋不定式”结构，必须置于if从句之前，否则会导致句意混乱，

      例如：
      --He said, “If you leave the office, close the door.”
      --He told me to close the door if I left the office.
      但是下列句子中如果使用“tell＋宾语＋不定式”结构就会显得蹩脚：
      --“If you see Ann remind her to ring me,” said Tom.
      --Tom said that if we saw Ann we were to remind her to ring him. 
      2) 表示劝告通常用advise＋宾语＋不定式形式引述或者say＋主语＋should 结构，例如：
      --She said, “If you’re tired why don’t you sit down？/ you had better sit down.”
      --She advised me to sit down if I was tired.
      --She said that if I was tired I should /had better sit down.
      3）直接引语中主句是问句时，通常在转述时把 if 从句放在句末，例如：
      --“If the baby is a girl, what will they call her?” he wondered
      --He wondered what they would call the baby if it was a girl.
      --“If the door is locked what shall I do?” she asked.
      --She asked what she should do if the door was locked.
      如果直接引语中有第一人称，should转述时，通常变成would, 例如：
      --“If I had the instruction manual,” said Bill, “I should /would know what to do.” 
      --Bill said that if he had the instruction manual he would know what to do.
      4) 表示请求的句型I should/would be (very) grateful if you would....通常用ask＋宾语＋不定式转述。

      例如：
      --“I’d be very grateful if you’d keep me informed,” he said.
      --He asked me to keep him informed. 

18.1.6 虚拟语气的时态变化

      当直接引语用虚拟语气时，变成间接引语时有以下几种情况：
   a. 间接引语中虚拟语气动词时态不必改变：
      1）当原话动词是虚拟式时,
      --“Have another apple.” Carol suggested to me.
      --Carol suggested that I should have (BrE) another apple.
      --“We insisted that he leave at once,” she said.
      --She said that they (had) insisted that he leave at once.
      --“If you were to come tomorrow. I might have time to see you,” he said.
      --He said that if I were to come then next day, he might have time to see me.
      2）在wish, would rather/sooner和it is time后的非真实过去时不变，例如:
      --“We wish we didn’t have to take exams,” said the children.
      --The children said they wished they didn’t have to take exams. 
      --“Bill wants to go alone,” said Ann, “but I’d rather he went with a group.”
      --Ann said that Bill wanted to go alone but that she’d rather he went with a group.
      --“It’s time we began thinking about our holidays.” said Mr. Pitt.
      --Mr. Pitt said that it was time they began thinking about their holidays.
  b. 间接引语虚拟语气和语气动词时态改变：
      过去虚拟语气或假设过去时推移到过去完成时，例如：
      --“If he were here, he would vote for the motion,” she said.
      --She said that if he had been there, he would have voted for the motion.
      --“If she stayed another day, he would drive her home,” he said.
      --He told me that if she had stayed another day, he would have driven her home. 
  c. 如果间接引语中的引述内容仍然有效，时间推移可有可无，例如：
      --“If I were in New York, I would visit the current exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum,” he said.
      --He said that if he had been in New York, he would have visited the current exhibition at the 

        Metropolitan Museum. 
 
18.2 疑问句的间接引语(Questions in indirect speech)                             | 18.1 | 18.3 | 18.4 | top |

      引用的原话如果是疑问句变为间接引语时，yes-no问句，选择疑问句和反意疑问句，改为用连词

      whether或if引导从句。而wh- 问句则重复原来的疑问词。无论是以上所提的哪一种问句，变为间接

      引语时，通常要按照陈述句的语序，即把动词或助动词或情态动词放在主语的后面。人称，时态，

      时间状语，地点状语等，和陈述句一样也要作相应的变化。例如，主句中的谓语动词是said,要改为

      asked。如果没有间接宾语，须加一个间接宾语（如me，him，us等)；如果在said后面已有“to me”、

      “to us”等，应将“to”去掉。例如：
      --“Have you seen John?” he asked.
      --He asked if (whether) I had seen John.
      --“Do you live here?” she asked. 
      --She asked him if (whether) he lived there.
      --He asked, “Are you a worker or a peasant?”
      --He asked me whether I was a worker or a peasant.
      --He asked, “You’ve done the experiment, haven’t you?”
      --He asked me if I had done the experiment.
      --“Why won’t you many me?” he asked.
      --He asked her why she wouldn’t marry him.
      --“Where has he been?” I asked 
      --I asked where he had been.
      --“What is the matter with granny?” said Xiao Li 
      --Xiao Li asked what was the matter with granny.
      注意以下几点：
  a. 直接引语是个问句时，对话引导词可以用say或ask,但间接引语是个问句时，必须要用询问动词。例

      如：ask, inquire, wonder, want to know等，例如：
      --He said, “Where is the station?”
      --He asked where the station was.
      ask, inquire, wonder也可用于直接引语中，通常位于句末，例如：
      --“Where is the station?” he inquired.
   b. 间接引语中ask后可接被指称的人，例如：
      --He asked, “what have you got in my bag?”
      --He asked (me) what I had got in my bag.
      但是inquire, wonder, want to know 却不能带间接宾语，因此如果在引述一个问句需要提及被指称的

      人，必须用ask。例如：
      --He said, “Mary, when is the next train?”
      --He asked Mary when the next train was.
      (如果使用inquire, wander或want to know必须省略Mary。)
  c. if和whether都可用于引导yes-no问句、选择问句或反意疑问句，一般来说if比whether用得多一些。例

      如：
      --“Do you know Bill?” he asked.
      --He asked if/whether I know Bill.
      注意以下情况：
      １）Whether可强调所做出的选择，例如：
      --“Do you want to go by air or sea?” the travel agent asked.
      --The travel agent asked whether I wanted to go by air or by sea.
      ２）请注意whether or not在间接引语中的使用，例如：
      --“Do you want to insure(保险)your luggage or not?” he asked 
      --He asked whether or not I wanted to insure my luggage.
      或 He asked if I wanted to insure my luggage or not
      在wonder, want to know 后可用whether＋不定式，例如：
      --“Shall/Should I wait for them or go on?”
      --He wondered whether to wait for them or go on.
      或 He wondered whether he should wait for them or go on. 
      ３）在含条件从句的问句中，whether 比if 更简洁，否则就会出现两个if ,例如：
      --“If you get the job will you move to York?” Bill asked.
      --Bill asked whether, if I got the job, I’d move to York.

   d. 以shall I/we开首的问句通常有四种：
      第一种：表示纯将来，这时shall I/we ?问句变成will/would 和第三人称，通常用wonder引导引述的

      内容。例如：
      --“Shall I ever know the answer?” he asked 
      --He wondered if he would ever know the answer 
      --“Shall we like our new teacher?” they asked 
      --They wondered if they would like their new teacher. 
      第二种：表示请求指导，征求意见。这时间接引语用ask、inquire等对话引导词和should，或用be＋

      不定式结构。征求意见通常用should 引述。例如：
      --“Shall we send it to your flat, sir?” he said 
      --He asked the customer if they were to send /if they should send it to his flat.”
      --“Shall we give out the books?” the pupils said 
      --The pupils asked if they should give out the book. 
      --“What shall I say, mother?” she said.
      --She asked her mother what she should say.（征求意见）
      询问选择时，间接引语通常用whether引述，有时可用whether＋不定式。例如：
      --“Shall I lock the car or leave it unlocked?” he said 
      --He asked whether he should /was to lock the car or leave it unlocked 
      或 He asked whether to lock the car.
      第三种：表示提议时，通常用”offer＋不定式”等结构。例如：
      --“Shall I bring you some tea?”
      --He offered to bring me some tea.
      --“Shall I post them to you”
      --He offered to post them to me. 
      第四种：表示建议时，通常用“suggest＋-ing分词”等结构：
      --“Shall we meet at the theatre?”
      --He suggested meeting at the theatre.
      --“Shall we get the tickets first?”
      --He suggested getting the tickets first.
      或 He suggested that they (should) get the tickets first. 
  e. 以will you /would you /could you?开头的问句，可以引导yes-no问句，也可以表示请求、邀请，甚

      至有时也能表示命令，例如：
      --He said, “Will you be there tomorrow?”(yes-no问句)
      --He asked if she would be there the next day.
      --He said, “Will you help me, please?”(请求)
      --He asked me to help him.
      --“Would /could you show me your passport, please?” he said.
      --He asked me to show him my passport.
      或 He asked me for my passport.
      或 He asked to see my passport.
      --He said, “Will you have a drink/would you like a drink?”
      --He offered me a drink.
      或 He asked if I would have /would like a drink.
      --“Would you like to have lunch with me tomorrow?” he said.
      或 “Could you have lunch with me tomorrow?” he asked.
      --He invited me /asked me to lunch with him the following day.
      以上这些表示请求邀请等意义的疑问句，虽有其形式，实际上并非提出询问，因此，引述此类疑问

      句时，应借助于其它表达手段。

18.3 祈使句的间接引语(Command, request and advice indirect speech)         | 18.1 | 18.2 | 18.4 | top |
 

      引用的原话如果是祈使句，变为间接引语时，句子的谓语动词要用含有祈使意义的动词，如ask, 

      order, tell, request等，原祈使句中的动词要改为不定式。例如：
      --“Go away!” he said.
      --He asked him to go away.
      --“Don’t be afraid.” he said.
      --He told me not to be afraid.
      --“Pick it up!” he said.
      --He ordered me to pick it up. 
      在引述一个祈使句时，必须注意以下几点：
  a. 间接引语的命令、请求、劝告通常由一个表示此含义的动词＋宾语＋不定式。
  b. 引述间接引语的祈使句的动词：advise, beg, command, encourage, forbid, implore (恳求), 

      entreat (恳求), invite, order, recommend, remind, request, urge, warm要用什么动词，要根据所

      引句子的口气来决定。例如：
      --“Do sit down,” said my hostess.
      --My hostess asked/invited me to sit down.
      --“Try again,” said Ann’s friends encouragingly.
      --Ann’s friends encouraged her to try again.
      --“Go on, apply for the job,” said Jack. 
      --Jack urged/encouraged me to apply for the job.
      --“Will you...?”问句通常被看作表示请求，可用ask引述，例如：
      --“Will all persons not traveling please go ashore, as the gang ways are about to be taken away,” 

          said one of the ship’s officers over the loud speakers.
      --One of the ship’s officers asked all persons not traveling to go ashore...
      但如果will you问句语气严厉，且please省略，可用tell或order引述。例如：
      --“Will you be quiet!” he said.
      或 “Be quiet, will you!”
      --He told/ordered us to be quiet.
  c. 否定命令，请求等通常用not＋不定式引述，例如：
      --“Don’t swim out too far, boys,” I said.
      --I warned/told the boys not to swim out too far.
      --“Please, please don’t take any risk,” said his wife.
      --His wife begged/implored（恳求）him not to take any risks.
      --“Don’t forget to order the wine,” said Mrs. Pitt.
      --Mrs. Pitt reminded her husband to order the wine.
  d. 在b.中的动词要求“宾语＋不定式”形式，即：动词后紧跟不带介词的一个被指称的人，通常直接引语

      中的命令、请求不提及被指称的人。例如：
      --He said, “Come on!”
      转述此类间接命令、请求必须增加名词或代词。
      --He told me /her/us/them/the children to go away.
      ask与b.中的动词不同之处在于ask可直接跟在see, speak to, talk to等动词之后；但是其意思与“ask

      ＋宾语＋不定式”形式所表示的请求含义却大不一样，试比较：
      --I asked to speak to Mr. Jones =I said, “Could I speak to Mr. Jones?”
      --I asked Bill to speak to Mr. Jones = I said, “Bill, would you speak to Mr. Jones?”
      ask和beg后可以接被动不定式：
      --“Do, please, send me to a warm climate,” he asked/begged.
      =He asked/begged us to send him to a warm climate.
       或 He asked/begged to be sent to a warm climate.
  e. 引述表示命令的祈使句时，可以用“动词＋that＋-ing分句”结构，其中that分句谓语动词通常为“be to 

      ＋不定式”或“have＋got to＋不定式”；也可用command和“order＋should”的结构表示，此结构尤其适

      用被动不定式。例如：
      --He said, “Don’t open the door.”
      --He told me not to open the door.
      --He said that I wasn’t to open the door.
      --“Don’t drive too fast.”
      --He told me that I wasn’t to drive too fast. 
      注意：be＋不定式结构在以下二种情况下特别有用：
      1）命令由现在时的动词引述，例如：
      --He says, “Meet me at the station.”
      --He says that we are to meet him at the station.
      --He tells us to meet him. (此结构用的少)
      2）命令前有一从句（通常是时间状语从句或条件从句）。例如：
      --He said, “If she leaves the house I was to follow her.”
      --He told me to follow her if she left the house.
      (注意：在用tell＋不定式时要注意语序，命令放在条件从句之前。)
      --“Peter, lock the doors,” he said.
      --He ordered that the Peter should lock the doors.
      或 He ordered the Peter to lock the doors.
      或 He ordered that the doors should be locked.
      或 He ordered the doors to be locked. 
      宾语＋不定式结构表示间接引语命令时，意指服从命令的人是被直接称呼者；be ＋不定式或should

      结构在间接引语中，却是表示受命者不必是被直接称呼者，可以是由第三者所传达的命令。
   f. 引述表示建议、劝告的祈使句时，可以用“suggest/say ＋that-分句”或“suggest＋-ing”分词结构等。

      例如：
      --He said, “Let’s leave the case at the station.”
      --He suggested leaving the case at the station.
      --He suggested that they/we should leave the case at the station.
      --He said, “Let’s stop now and finish it later.”
      --He suggested stopping then and finishing it later.
      或 He suggested that they /we should stop then and finish it later.
      --He said, “Let’s not say anything about it till we hear the facts.”
      --He suggested not saying anything/saying nothing about it till they/we heard the facts”
      或 He suggested that they/we shouldn’t say anything till they/we heard the facts.
      转述表示提议、建议的祈使句时，也可以用“offer＋不定式”结构。例如：
      --“Let’s sell the house,” said Tom.
      --Tom offered to sell the house.

 
18.4 感叹句的间接引语(Exclamation in indirect speech)              | 18.1 | 18.2 | 18.3 | top |
 

      在间接引语中，感叹句要变成陈述句。引述感叹句一般有两种方式：
      1）以what, how或that为被引述分句的引导词。例如：
      --He said, “What a dreadful thing!”
      --He said that it was a dreadful thing.
      --He said that it was dreadful. 
      --“What a brave boy you are!” Margaret told him.
      --Margaret told him what a brave boy he was. 
      --“How well he looks!”
      --He said how well he looked. 
      2）根据原名意义予以改写，使之变为相当的陈述句。例如：
      --“Oh, dear! I have torn my shirt.”
      --He exclaimed in exasperation(恼怒) that he had torn his shirt .
      --He said, “Thank you!”
      --He thanked me.
      --He said, “Curse this wind.”
      --He cursed the wind.
      --He said, “Welcome!”
      --He welcomed me.
      --He said, “Happy Christmas!”
      --He wished me a happy Christmas.
      --He said, “Congratulations!”
      --He congratulated me.
      --He said, “Liar!”
      --He called me a liar.
      --He said, “Damn!” 
      --He swore.
      --“Good morning!”
      --He greeted me. /He wished me a good morning.
      --“What a nuisance!”
      --He exclaimed with disgust / annoyance.
      --“How kind of you!”
      --He acknowledged my kindness.
      --“Now, now!”
      --He reproved (责骂) him.
 

        混合句型的间接引语(Mixed types of sentences in indirect speech)
 

      如果各类句子混杂使用，如陈述句＋疑问，疑问句＋命令句，命令句＋陈述句，或者三个兼而有

      之，那么引述时除了要注意上述有关变化之外，有时还得根据意义需要增添词语，或调整句子结

      构，甚至改变说法。
      一般来说有下面几种情况：
      一般每种类型的句子有各自的引述动词，例如：
      --“I’m a student. Are you a teacher?”
      --He said (that) he was a student and asked if I was a teacher.
      --“Some one is coming,” he said. “Get behind the screen.”
      --He said that someone was coming and told me to get behind the screen.
      --“I can hardly hear the radio,” he said. “could you turn it up?”
      --He said he could hardly hear the radio and asked her to turn it up. 
      有时最后一个句子是陈述句，辅助说明第一句，此时可以用as 引导，而不必另用一个引导词。

      例如：
      --“You’d better wear a coat. It’s very cold out,” he said.
      --He advised me to wear a coat as it was very cold out.
      --“You’d better not walk across the park alone. People have been mugged(对…行凶抢劫) there,” 

           he said.
      --He warned her not to walk across the park alone as people had been mugged there.
      有时第二个引导动词可用分词形式。例如：
      --“Please, please, don’t drink too much! Remember that you’ll have to drive home.” she said.
      --She begged him not to drink too much, reminding him that he’d have to drive home.
      --“Let’s shop on Friday. the supermarket will be very crowded on Saturday,” she said.
      --She suggested shopping on Friday, pointing out that the supermarket would be very crowded on 

          Saturday.
      --“Could you show me how to work it? I’m not used to electric typewriters.”
      --She asked him to show her how to work it, explaining that she wasn’t used to electric 

           typewriters.
      根据意义需要调整句子结构或语法。例如：
      --“Bother! I’ve left my address-book at home.”
      --He expressed his annoyance at having left his address-book at home.
      --“I shall like some tea, please.”
      --He asked politely for some tea.
      --A: Hey! Did you win yesterday’s match?
      --B: No, we didn’t.
      --A: What a pity! Better luck next time.
      --He shouted to attract our attention and asked us if we had won the previous day’s match. When 

we said we had not, he expressed his sympathy and wished us better luck the next time.
  
| 18.1 | 18.2 | 18.3 | 18.4 | top |